stephan/FabNum_blog
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

fix(section 2) : corrections mineures pour les images, les références

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
Stéphan Peccini 2025-08-04 11:26:52 +02:00
parent be6d287025
commit ea38216ba0
Signed by: stephan
GPG Key ID: 3A9774E9CCBF3501
1 changed files with 47 additions and 87 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

134
content/posts/datacenter_et_cuivre - section 2.md
View File

@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Le cuivre est coté quotidiennement au London Metal Exchange (LME). Sa valeur d
Sources : World Bank Commodity Outlook (2025) [1], LME Historical Copper Prices [2], INSEE Copper Statistics (2024) [3]
![Variation du prix](images/datacenter_et_cuivre/variation_prix.webp)
![Variation du prix](../images/datacenter_et_cuivre/variation_prix.webp)
L'impact réel des droits de douane imposés par Trump et des négociations en cours entre les USA et le Chili n'est pas intégré dans les prix moyens, à la date d'écriture de l'article.
@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ L'Europe a adopté une approche encore plus ambitieuse avec l'objectif de phase-
*Sources : IWCC (2024/2025) [25], UNCTAD (2025) [26], BHP (2024) [15], IEA (2024) [27], analyses sectorielles*
![Projections de la demande et l'offre de cuivre](images/datacenter_et_cuivre/demande_offre.webp)
![Projections de la demande et l'offre de cuivre](../images/datacenter_et_cuivre/demande_offre.webp)
> L'équilibre prévisionnel de 2050 se base sur une absence de crise majeure (climatique, géopolitique), une forte croissance du recyclage, des innovations pour limiter l'usage du cuivre à iso-service rendu et une réalisation sans retard des investissements pour l'extraction et le raffinage.
> À titre s'exemple pouvant rendre difficile l'atteinte de l'objectif à terme, Grupo Mexico revoit sa stratégie d'investissement au jour le jour en fonction des décisions sur les droits de douane [41].
@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ Le cuivre est un métal abondant mais très inégalement réparti. En 2023, plus
Source : U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024 [32]
![Parts de marché pour l'extraction du cuivre](images/datacenter_et_cuivre/parts_de_marche_extraction.webp)
![Parts de marché pour l'extraction du cuivre](../images/datacenter_et_cuivre/parts_de_marche_extraction.webp)
Les couleurs des pays représentent le niveau de stabilité géopolitique calculé selon l'indice compositie décrit dans [Fiche technique : Indice de Stabilité Géopolitique (ISG)](https://fabnum-dev.peccini.fr/app/static/Fiches/Criticit%C3%A9s/Fiche%20technique%20ISG.pdf). En vert les pays stables, en orange les moyennement stables et en rouge les pays instables.
@ -287,15 +287,15 @@ Le Chili, la République Démocratique du Congo et le Pérou détiennent à eux
Si l'extraction est sud-américaine, le raffinage est en grande partie chinois. En 2023, la Chine concentrait à elle seule :
* > 40 % du raffinage de cuivre primaire mondial
* > 50 % du cuivre recyclé ("scrap") retraité
* 40 % du raffinage de cuivre primaire mondial
* 50 % du cuivre recyclé ("scrap") retraité
* Le contrôle indirect de plusieurs actifs miniers en Afrique et Amérique latine
Cela confère à Pékin une forte capacité de levier sur les prix mondiaux et sur les flux commerciaux, comparable à celle qu'elle exerce sur les terres rares ou le graphite.
D'après l'IEA (2022), la Chine détient une « position dominante » sur l'ensemble de la chaîne cuivre hors extraction primaire [33].
![Parts de marché pour le raffinage du cuivre](images/datacenter_et_cuivre/parts_de_marche_raffinage.webp)
![Parts de marché pour le raffinage du cuivre](../images/datacenter_et_cuivre/parts_de_marche_raffinage.webp)
Source : U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024 [32]
@ -367,84 +367,44 @@ Cette tendance s'inscrit dans une logique plus large de conception sous contrain
### Références - Section 2
[1] World Bank. (2025). *Commodity Markets Outlook: April 2025*. Disponible à : [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/1b388949805c9a0ae3736bdacb32ea94-0050012025/original/CMO-April-2025.pdf](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/1b388949805c9a0ae3736bdacb32ea94-0050012025/original/CMO-April-2025.pdf)
[2] London Metal Exchange. *Copper Historical Pricing*. Disponible à : [https://www.lme.com/en/metals/non-ferrous/lme-copper](https://www.lme.com/en/metals/non-ferrous/lme-copper)
[3] INSEE. (2024). *Copper - Grade A - LME spot price*. Disponible à : [https://www.insee.fr/langue/en?url=%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2Fserie%2F010002052](https://www.insee.fr/langue/en?url=%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2Fserie%2F010002052)
[4] McKinsey & Company. (2022). *The Raw-Materials Challenge: Enabling the Energy Transition*. Disponible à : [https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/how-we-help-clients](https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/how-we-help-clients)
[5] Schneider Electric. (2024). *Data Center Infrastructure Cost Analysis*. Publication technique.
[6] International Copper Association. (2023). *Electrical Conductors Comparison Study*. Disponible à : [https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-recycling/](https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-recycling/)
[7] Uptime Institute. *Tier Classification System*. Disponible à : [https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers](https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers)
[8] TIA. *ANSI/TIA-942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers*. Disponible à : [https://tiaonline.org/products-and-services/tia942certification/ansi-tia-942-standard/](https://tiaonline.org/products-and-services/tia942certification/ansi-tia-942-standard/)
[9] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2008). *DC Power Demo*. Disponible à : [https://datacenters.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/DC%20Power%20Demo_2008.pdf](https://datacenters.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/DC%20Power%20Demo_2008.pdf)
[10] Schneider Electric. (2012). *Great Hoaxes: Bigfoot, UFO's, and DC vs. AC efficiency studies*. Disponible à : [https://blog.se.com/datacenter/architecture/2012/01/30/dc-versus-ac-efficiency-studies/](https://blog.se.com/datacenter/architecture/2012/01/30/dc-versus-ac-efficiency-studies/)
[11] APC by Schneider Electric. (2023). *A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution*. Disponible à : [https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Suppliers/APC/White%20Paper/A%20Quantitatve%20Comparison.pdf](https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Suppliers/APC/White%20Paper/A%20Quantitatve%20Comparison.pdf)
[12] Eaton. (2024). *AC Versus DC Power Distribution*. Disponible à : [https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/markets/data-center/AC-Versus-DC-Power-Distribution.pdf](https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/markets/data-center/AC-Versus-DC-Power-Distribution.pdf)
[13] Meta. (2024). *Data Center Cooling System Optimization*. Rapport technique interne.
[14] Schneider Electric. (2023). *Data Center Copper Optimization Strategy*. Publication technique.
[15] BHP. (2024). *BHP Insights: how copper will shape our future*. Disponible à : [https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2024/09/how-copper-will-shape-our-future](https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2024/09/how-copper-will-shape-our-future)
[16] International Energy Forum. (2024). *Could hybrid cars help us manage soaring copper demand?* Disponible à : [https://www.ief.org/news/could-hybrid-cars-help-us-manage-soaring-copper-demand](https://www.ief.org/news/could-hybrid-cars-help-us-manage-soaring-copper-demand)
[17] Reuters. (2023). *Innovation in EVs seen denting copper demand growth potential*. Disponible à : [https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/innovation-evs-seen-denting-copper-demand-growth-potential-2023-07-07/](https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/innovation-evs-seen-denting-copper-demand-growth-potential-2023-07-07/)
[18] EV Boosters. (2024). *The decline of copper usage in EVs: A shifting trend in material needs*. Disponible à : [https://evboosters.com/ev-charging-news/the-decline-of-copper-usage-in-evs-a-shifting-trend-in-material-needs/](https://evboosters.com/ev-charging-news/the-decline-of-copper-usage-in-evs-a-shifting-trend-in-material-needs/)
[19] International Copper Association. (2019). *Renewables to Significantly Increase Copper Demand by 2027*. Disponible à : [https://internationalcopper.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/fact-sheet-renewables-to-significantly-increase-copper-demand-by-2027.pdf](https://internationalcopper.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/fact-sheet-renewables-to-significantly-increase-copper-demand-by-2027.pdf)
[20] RAP. (2024). *Some like it hot: Moving industrial electrification from potential to practice*. Disponible à : [https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/rap-rosenow-oxenaar-pusceddu-some-like-it-hot-moving-industrial-electrification-potential-practice-2024-december.pdf](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/rap-rosenow-oxenaar-pusceddu-some-like-it-hot-moving-industrial-electrification-potential-practice-2024-december.pdf)
[21] U.S. Department of Transportation. *Electric Vehicles & Rural Transportation*. Disponible à : [https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev](https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev)
[22] NADA. (2025). *Save Consumer Choice for New Vehicles: Overturn EPA's EV Mandate*. Disponible à : [https://www.nada.org/legislative/save-consumer-choice-new-vehicles-overturn-epas-ev-mandate](https://www.nada.org/legislative/save-consumer-choice-new-vehicles-overturn-epas-ev-mandate)
[23] ECCO. (2025). *Europe and China in the global race for electric vehicles*. Disponible à : [https://eccoclimate.org/europe-and-china-in-the-global-race-for-electric-vehicles/](https://eccoclimate.org/europe-and-china-in-the-global-race-for-electric-vehicles/)
[24] ACEA. (2024). *Electric cars: Tax benefits and incentives (2024)*. Disponible à : [https://www.acea.auto/fact/electric-cars-tax-benefits-and-incentives-2024/](https://www.acea.auto/fact/electric-cars-tax-benefits-and-incentives-2024/)
[25] IWCC. (2024/2025). *Copper Demand Forecasts*. Disponible à : [https://www.coppercouncil.org/iwcc-statistics-and-data](https://www.coppercouncil.org/iwcc-statistics-and-data)
[26] UNCTAD. (2025). *Global Trade Update (May 2025): Focus on critical minerals – copper*. Disponible à : [https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-may-2025-critical-minerals-copper](https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-may-2025-critical-minerals-copper)
[27] IEA. (2024). *Copper – Analysis*. Disponible à : [https://www.iea.org/reports/copper](https://www.iea.org/reports/copper)
[28] Meta. (2023). *Sustainability Report – Materials Engineering*. Document interne cité dans les médias.
[29] U.S. Department of Energy. *Strategic Petroleum Reserve*. Disponible à : [https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve](https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve)
[30] International Copper Association. (2023). *Copper—The Pathway to Net Zero*. Disponible à : [https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-pathway-to-net-zero/](https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-pathway-to-net-zero/)
[31] European Commission. (2023). *Critical Raw Materials Act – Proposal and Strategic Reserves*. Disponible à : [https://ec.europa.eu](https://ec.europa.eu)
[32] U.S. Geological Survey. (2024). *Mineral Commodity Summaries – Copper*. Disponible à : [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-copper.pdf](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-copper.pdf)
[33] IEA. (2022). *The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions*. Disponible à : [https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals](https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals)
[34] S&P Global. (2022). *The Future of Copper – Will the Looming Supply Gap Short-Circuit the Energy Transition?* Disponible à : [https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/articles/future-of-copper](https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/articles/future-of-copper)
[35] Uptime Institute. (2022). *Global Data Center Survey*. Disponible à : [https://uptimeinstitute.com/research](https://uptimeinstitute.com/research)
[36] S&P Global. (2022). *The Future of Copper: Will the looming supply gap short-circuit the energy transition?* Disponible à : [https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/future-of-copper-2035](https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/future-of-copper-2035)
[37] Google. (2023). *Supply Chain Sustainability Report*. Document public.
[38] Open Compute Project Foundation. (2023). *Reducing Metal Intensity in Next-Gen Racks: A Collaborative Analysis*. Disponible à : [https://www.opencompute.org](https://www.opencompute.org)
[39] European Commission. (2025) *Strategic sectors and technologies value chains and CRM demand*. Disponible à : [https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/crms-in-strategic-sectors-and-technologies-e8c632](https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/crms-in-strategic-sectors-and-technologies-e8c632)
[40] Automobile Propre. (2025) *Donald Trump continue sa croisade contre la voiture électrique*. Disponible à : [https://www.automobile-propre.com/articles/sur-fond-de-tensions-avec-la-californie-donald-trump-part-en-croisade-contre-la-voiture-electrique/](https://www.automobile-propre.com/articles/sur-fond-de-tensions-avec-la-californie-donald-trump-part-en-croisade-contre-la-voiture-electrique/)
[41] Reuters. (2025) *Grupo Mexico evaluating US investments after scaled-back copper tariff*. Disponible à : [https://www.reuters.com/world/china/grupo-mexico-evaluating-us-investments-after-scaled-back-copper-tariff-2025-07-30/](https://www.reuters.com/world/china/grupo-mexico-evaluating-us-investments-after-scaled-back-copper-tariff-2025-07-30/)
* [1] World Bank. (2025). *Commodity Markets Outlook: April 2025*. Disponible à : [https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/1b388949805c9a0ae3736bdacb32ea94-0050012025/original/CMO-April-2025.pdf](https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/1b388949805c9a0ae3736bdacb32ea94-0050012025/original/CMO-April-2025.pdf)
* [2] London Metal Exchange. *Copper Historical Pricing*. Disponible à : [https://www.lme.com/en/metals/non-ferrous/lme-copper](https://www.lme.com/en/metals/non-ferrous/lme-copper)
* [3] INSEE. (2024). *Copper - Grade A - LME spot price*. Disponible à : [https://www.insee.fr/langue/en?url=%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2Fserie%2F010002052](https://www.insee.fr/langue/en?url=%2Fen%2Fstatistiques%2Fserie%2F010002052)
* [4] McKinsey & Company. (2022). *The Raw-Materials Challenge: Enabling the Energy Transition*. Disponible à : [https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/how-we-help-clients](https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/metals-and-mining/how-we-help-clients)
* [5] Schneider Electric. (2024). *Data Center Infrastructure Cost Analysis*. Publication technique.
* [6] International Copper Association. (2023). *Electrical Conductors Comparison Study*. Disponible à : [https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-recycling/](https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-recycling/)
* [7] Uptime Institute. *Tier Classification System*. Disponible à : [https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers](https://uptimeinstitute.com/tiers)
* [8] TIA. *ANSI/TIA-942 Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers*. Disponible à : [https://tiaonline.org/products-and-services/tia942certification/ansi-tia-942-standard/](https://tiaonline.org/products-and-services/tia942certification/ansi-tia-942-standard/)
* [9] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (2008). *DC Power Demo*. Disponible à : [https://datacenters.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/DC%20Power%20Demo_2008.pdf](https://datacenters.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/DC%20Power%20Demo_2008.pdf)
* [10] Schneider Electric. (2012). *Great Hoaxes: Bigfoot, UFO's, and DC vs. AC efficiency studies*. Disponible à : [https://blog.se.com/datacenter/architecture/2012/01/30/dc-versus-ac-efficiency-studies/](https://blog.se.com/datacenter/architecture/2012/01/30/dc-versus-ac-efficiency-studies/)
* [11] APC by Schneider Electric. (2023). *A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution*. Disponible à : [https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Suppliers/APC/White%20Paper/A%20Quantitatve%20Comparison.pdf](https://www.anixter.com/content/dam/Suppliers/APC/White%20Paper/A%20Quantitatve%20Comparison.pdf)
* [12] Eaton. (2024). *AC Versus DC Power Distribution*. Disponible à : [https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/markets/data-center/AC-Versus-DC-Power-Distribution.pdf](https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/markets/data-center/AC-Versus-DC-Power-Distribution.pdf)
* [13] Meta. (2024). *Data Center Cooling System Optimization*. Rapport technique interne.
* [14] Schneider Electric. (2023). *Data Center Copper Optimization Strategy*. Publication technique.
* [15] BHP. (2024). *BHP Insights: how copper will shape our future*. Disponible à : [https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2024/09/how-copper-will-shape-our-future](https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2024/09/how-copper-will-shape-our-future)
* [16] International Energy Forum. (2024). *Could hybrid cars help us manage soaring copper demand?* Disponible à : [https://www.ief.org/news/could-hybrid-cars-help-us-manage-soaring-copper-demand](https://www.ief.org/news/could-hybrid-cars-help-us-manage-soaring-copper-demand)
* [17] Reuters. (2023). *Innovation in EVs seen denting copper demand growth potential*. Disponible à : [https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/innovation-evs-seen-denting-copper-demand-growth-potential-2023-07-07/](https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/innovation-evs-seen-denting-copper-demand-growth-potential-2023-07-07/)
* [18] EV Boosters. (2024). *The decline of copper usage in EVs: A shifting trend in material needs*. Disponible à : [https://evboosters.com/ev-charging-news/the-decline-of-copper-usage-in-evs-a-shifting-trend-in-material-needs/](https://evboosters.com/ev-charging-news/the-decline-of-copper-usage-in-evs-a-shifting-trend-in-material-needs/)
* [19] International Copper Association. (2019). *Renewables to Significantly Increase Copper Demand by 2027*. Disponible à : [https://internationalcopper.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/fact-sheet-renewables-to-significantly-increase-copper-demand-by-2027.pdf](https://internationalcopper.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/fact-sheet-renewables-to-significantly-increase-copper-demand-by-2027.pdf)
* [20] RAP. (2024). *Some like it hot: Moving industrial electrification from potential to practice*. Disponible à : [https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/rap-rosenow-oxenaar-pusceddu-some-like-it-hot-moving-industrial-electrification-potential-practice-2024-december.pdf](https://www.raponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/rap-rosenow-oxenaar-pusceddu-some-like-it-hot-moving-industrial-electrification-potential-practice-2024-december.pdf)
* [21] U.S. Department of Transportation. *Electric Vehicles & Rural Transportation*. Disponible à : [https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev](https://www.transportation.gov/rural/ev)
* [22] NADA. (2025). *Save Consumer Choice for New Vehicles: Overturn EPA's EV Mandate*. Disponible à : [https://www.nada.org/legislative/save-consumer-choice-new-vehicles-overturn-epas-ev-mandate](https://www.nada.org/legislative/save-consumer-choice-new-vehicles-overturn-epas-ev-mandate)
* [23] ECCO. (2025). *Europe and China in the global race for electric vehicles*. Disponible à : [https://eccoclimate.org/europe-and-china-in-the-global-race-for-electric-vehicles/](https://eccoclimate.org/europe-and-china-in-the-global-race-for-electric-vehicles/)
* [24] ACEA. (2024). *Electric cars: Tax benefits and incentives (2024)*. Disponible à : [https://www.acea.auto/fact/electric-cars-tax-benefits-and-incentives-2024/](https://www.acea.auto/fact/electric-cars-tax-benefits-and-incentives-2024/)
* [25] IWCC. (2024/2025). *Copper Demand Forecasts*. Disponible à : [https://www.coppercouncil.org/iwcc-statistics-and-data](https://www.coppercouncil.org/iwcc-statistics-and-data)
* [26] UNCTAD. (2025). *Global Trade Update (May 2025): Focus on critical minerals – copper*. Disponible à : [https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-may-2025-critical-minerals-copper](https://unctad.org/publication/global-trade-update-may-2025-critical-minerals-copper)
* [27] IEA. (2024). *Copper – Analysis*. Disponible à : [https://www.iea.org/reports/copper](https://www.iea.org/reports/copper)
* [28] Meta. (2023). *Sustainability Report – Materials Engineering*. Document interne cité dans les médias.
* [29] U.S. Department of Energy. *Strategic Petroleum Reserve*. Disponible à : [https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve](https://www.energy.gov/fe/services/petroleum-reserves/strategic-petroleum-reserve)
* [30] International Copper Association. (2023). *Copper—The Pathway to Net Zero*. Disponible à : [https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-pathway-to-net-zero/](https://internationalcopper.org/resource/copper-pathway-to-net-zero/)
* [31] European Commission. (2023). *Critical Raw Materials Act – Proposal and Strategic Reserves*. Disponible à : [https://ec.europa.eu](https://ec.europa.eu)
* [32] U.S. Geological Survey. (2024). *Mineral Commodity Summaries – Copper*. Disponible à : [https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-copper.pdf](https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-copper.pdf)
* [33] IEA. (2022). *The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions*. Disponible à : [https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals](https://www.iea.org/reports/the-role-of-critical-minerals)
* [34] S&P Global. (2022). *The Future of Copper – Will the Looming Supply Gap Short-Circuit the Energy Transition?* Disponible à : [https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/articles/future-of-copper](https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/articles/future-of-copper)
* [35] Uptime Institute. (2022). *Global Data Center Survey*. Disponible à : [https://uptimeinstitute.com/research](https://uptimeinstitute.com/research)
* [36] S&P Global. (2022). *The Future of Copper: Will the looming supply gap short-circuit the energy transition?* Disponible à : [https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/future-of-copper-2035](https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/research/future-of-copper-2035)
* [37] Google. (2023). *Supply Chain Sustainability Report*. Document public.
* [38] Open Compute Project Foundation. (2023). *Reducing Metal Intensity in Next-Gen Racks: A Collaborative Analysis*. Disponible à : [https://www.opencompute.org](https://www.opencompute.org)
* [39] European Commission. (2025) *Strategic sectors and technologies value chains and CRM demand*. Disponible à : [https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/crms-in-strategic-sectors-and-technologies-e8c632](https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/crms-in-strategic-sectors-and-technologies-e8c632)
* [40] Automobile Propre. (2025) *Donald Trump continue sa croisade contre la voiture électrique*. Disponible à : [https://www.automobile-propre.com/articles/sur-fond-de-tensions-avec-la-californie-donald-trump-part-en-croisade-contre-la-voiture-electrique/](https://www.automobile-propre.com/articles/sur-fond-de-tensions-avec-la-californie-donald-trump-part-en-croisade-contre-la-voiture-electrique/)
* [41] Reuters. (2025) *Grupo Mexico evaluating US investments after scaled-back copper tariff*. Disponible à : [https://www.reuters.com/world/china/grupo-mexico-evaluating-us-investments-after-scaled-back-copper-tariff-2025-07-30/](https://www.reuters.com/world/china/grupo-mexico-evaluating-us-investments-after-scaled-back-copper-tariff-2025-07-30/)