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@ -156,30 +156,17 @@ Ces exemples illustrent la variabilité des besoins en cuivre selon les configur
### Références - Section 1
[1] TCu29 Market Research. (2025). *Conservative AI Scenario: Copper Market Projections*. Analyse détaillée montrant que les datacenters traditionnels utilisent 5-8 tonnes de cuivre par MW. Disponible à : [https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html](https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html)
[2] TCu29 Market Research. (2025). *Conservative AI Scenario: Copper Market Projections*. Étude confirmant que les datacenters IA-optimisés utilisent 20-25 tonnes de cuivre par MW. Disponible à : [https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html](https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html)
[3] Bloomberg (2024). *Copper demand is set for data-center boost*. Mentionne l'exemple du datacenter Microsoft à Chicago avec 27 tonnes de cuivre par MW. Disponible à : [https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/insights/commodities/copper-demand-is-set-for-data-center-boost/](https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/insights/commodities/copper-demand-is-set-for-data-center-boost/)
[4] Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) (2025). *Large Load Risk Assessment for Hyperscale Data Centers*. Disponible à : [https://www.rtoinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Report_WECC-Large-Loads-Risk-Assessment-4.pdf](https://www.rtoinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Report_WECC-Large-Loads-Risk-Assessment-4.pdf)
[5] Visual Capitalist (2023). *Why Copper Is Critical for Data Centers*. Disponible à : [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/copper-the-critical-mineral-powering-data-centers/](https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/copper-the-critical-mineral-powering-data-centers/)
[6] Shehabi, A., Smith, S., Sartor, D., Brown, R. (2016). *United States Data Center Energy Usage Report*. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Disponible à : [https://escholarship.org/content/qt84p772fc/qt84p772fc.pdf](https://escholarship.org/content/qt84p772fc/qt84p772fc.pdf)
[7] Reinbigler, M. & Martin, R. (2025). *Toward a Metal Usage Effectiveness Metric in Data Centers*. ICT4S. Disponible à : [https://hal.science/hal-05113850/document](https://hal.science/hal-05113850/document)
[8] Copper Development Association (CDA). *Meeting the Growing Demand for High-Performance Materials in OEM*. Disponible à : [https://copper.org/copperage/meeting-the-growing-demand-for-high-performance-ma.php](https://copper.org/copperage/meeting-the-growing-demand-for-high-performance-ma.php)
[9] Tom's Hardware (2025). *Nvidia to boost AI server racks to megawatt scale, increasing power delivery by five times or more*. Disponible à : [https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/nvidia-to-boost-ai-server-racks-to-megawatt-scale-increasing-power-delivery-by-five-times-or-more](https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/nvidia-to-boost-ai-server-racks-to-megawatt-scale-increasing-power-delivery-by-five-times-or-more)
[10] Meta. *Sustainability Report*. Disponible à : [https://sustainability.fb.com/](https://sustainability.fb.com/)
[11] “The critical importance of redundancy in data centers,” DataCenterUniversity, 2024. Disponible à : [https://datacenteruniversity.be/the-critical-importance-of-redundancy-in-data-centers/](https://datacenteruniversity.be/the-critical-importance-of-redundancy-in-data-centers/)
[12] Alex Bahadori, “Part I: Redundancy & The 3 Main Hierarchies of Electrical Data Center Design,” LinkedIn Pulse, déc. 2019. Disponible à : [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/part-i-redundancy-3-main-hierarchies-electrical-data-center-bahadori](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/part-i-redundancy-3-main-hierarchies-electrical-data-center-bahadori)
[13] BHP (2025). *Why AI tools and data centres are driving copper demand*. Disponible à : [https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2025/01/why-ai-tools-and-data-centres-are-driving-copper-demand](https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2025/01/why-ai-tools-and-data-centres-are-driving-copper-demand)
[13] Banque de France (2025). *IA et expansion des centres de données, les enjeux pour le marché du cuivre*. Disponible à : [https://www.banque-france.fr/fr/publications-et-statistiques/publications/ia-et-expansion-des-centres-de-donnees-les-enjeux-pour-le-marche-du-cuivre](https://www.banque-france.fr/fr/publications-et-statistiques/publications/ia-et-expansion-des-centres-de-donnees-les-enjeux-pour-le-marche-du-cuivre)
* [1] TCu29 Market Research. (2025). *Conservative AI Scenario: Copper Market Projections*. Analyse détaillée montrant que les datacenters traditionnels utilisent 5-8 tonnes de cuivre par MW. Disponible à : [https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html](https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html)
* [2] TCu29 Market Research. (2025). *Conservative AI Scenario: Copper Market Projections*. Étude confirmant que les datacenters IA-optimisés utilisent 20-25 tonnes de cuivre par MW. Disponible à : [https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html](https://www.tcu29.io/studies/conservative-ai-scenario.html)
* [3] Bloomberg (2024). *Copper demand is set for data-center boost*. Mentionne l'exemple du datacenter Microsoft à Chicago avec 27 tonnes de cuivre par MW. Disponible à : [https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/insights/commodities/copper-demand-is-set-for-data-center-boost/](https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/insights/commodities/copper-demand-is-set-for-data-center-boost/)
* [4] Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) (2025). *Large Load Risk Assessment for Hyperscale Data Centers*. Disponible à : [https://www.rtoinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Report_WECC-Large-Loads-Risk-Assessment-4.pdf](https://www.rtoinsider.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Report_WECC-Large-Loads-Risk-Assessment-4.pdf)
* [5] Visual Capitalist (2023). *Why Copper Is Critical for Data Centers*. Disponible à : [https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/copper-the-critical-mineral-powering-data-centers/](https://www.visualcapitalist.com/sp/copper-the-critical-mineral-powering-data-centers/)
* [6] Shehabi, A., Smith, S., Sartor, D., Brown, R. (2016). *United States Data Center Energy Usage Report*. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Disponible à : [https://escholarship.org/content/qt84p772fc/qt84p772fc.pdf](https://escholarship.org/content/qt84p772fc/qt84p772fc.pdf)
* [7] Reinbigler, M. & Martin, R. (2025). *Toward a Metal Usage Effectiveness Metric in Data Centers*. ICT4S. Disponible à : [https://hal.science/hal-05113850/document](https://hal.science/hal-05113850/document)
* [8] Copper Development Association (CDA). *Meeting the Growing Demand for High-Performance Materials in OEM*. Disponible à : [https://copper.org/copperage/meeting-the-growing-demand-for-high-performance-ma.php](https://copper.org/copperage/meeting-the-growing-demand-for-high-performance-ma.php)
* [9] Tom's Hardware (2025). *Nvidia to boost AI server racks to megawatt scale, increasing power delivery by five times or more*. Disponible à : [https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/nvidia-to-boost-ai-server-racks-to-megawatt-scale-increasing-power-delivery-by-five-times-or-more](https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/nvidia-to-boost-ai-server-racks-to-megawatt-scale-increasing-power-delivery-by-five-times-or-more)
* [10] Meta. *Sustainability Report*. Disponible à : [https://sustainability.fb.com/](https://sustainability.fb.com/)
* [11] “The critical importance of redundancy in data centers,” DataCenterUniversity, 2024. Disponible à : [https://datacenteruniversity.be/the-critical-importance-of-redundancy-in-data-centers/](https://datacenteruniversity.be/the-critical-importance-of-redundancy-in-data-centers/)
* [12] Alex Bahadori, “Part I: Redundancy & The 3 Main Hierarchies of Electrical Data Center Design,” LinkedIn Pulse, déc. 2019. Disponible à : [https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/part-i-redundancy-3-main-hierarchies-electrical-data-center-bahadori](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/part-i-redundancy-3-main-hierarchies-electrical-data-center-bahadori)
* [13] BHP (2025). *Why AI tools and data centres are driving copper demand*. Disponible à : [https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2025/01/why-ai-tools-and-data-centres-are-driving-copper-demand](https://www.bhp.com/news/bhp-insights/2025/01/why-ai-tools-and-data-centres-are-driving-copper-demand)
* [14] Banque de France (2025). *IA et expansion des centres de données, les enjeux pour le marché du cuivre*. Disponible à : [https://www.banque-france.fr/fr/publications-et-statistiques/publications/ia-et-expansion-des-centres-de-donnees-les-enjeux-pour-le-marche-du-cuivre](https://www.banque-france.fr/fr/publications-et-statistiques/publications/ia-et-expansion-des-centres-de-donnees-les-enjeux-pour-le-marche-du-cuivre)